Despite rapid recent growth in the available spectrum of medical therapy for heart failure (HF), morbidity and mortality remain unacceptably high.

The adoption of radial artery access (RA) for cardiac catheterization steadily increased over time, given the proven benefit over femoral access (FA) in reducing the risk of major bleeding, vascular complications, and all-cause mortality， as well as improving patient comfort and health care costs.

Radiofrequency (RF) and cryothermy remain the two dominant forms of energy delivered during catheter-based pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) for atrial fibrillation (AFib) ablation.

On May 30, 2021, the 15th Conference of Oriental Cardiology (OCC 2021) came to an end.

We prospectively recruited 633 patients undergoing cardiac surgery at Oxford University Hospitals (Ox-HVF cohort, study 1).