Fractional flow reserve (FFR) has become the criterion standard for the invasive assessment of coronary ischemia, based on multiple validations against noninvasive tests and clinical outcome trials.

It is remarkable to consider that the beginnings of sports medicine can be traced to the fifth century B.C.—to the Greek sports teacher and physician Herodicus, who is considered to be the “father of sports medicine.”

Congestion is central to the pathophysiology of heart failure (HF) and is the primary driver of symptoms in both outpatient and inpatient settings.

Despite the numerous improvements and breakthroughs developed in the field of interventional cardiology and pharmacotherapy in the past decades, patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome and/or undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention remain at high risk of cardiovascular events recurrence.

Until 20 years ago, when Alain Cribier revolutionized the treatment of valvular heart diseases, surgical aortic valve replacement and coronary artery bypass grafting represented the standard of care for patients with severe aortic stenosis and concomitant coronary artery disease (CAD) assessed by invasive coronary angiography.